Essay example --

Grace StaffordMr. TappyEnglish 1-29 December 2013 The Darkness of Ambition President Franklin D. Roosevelts wife Eleanor Roosevelt once said, Ambition is pitiless. whatever merit that it cannot use it finds despicable. Ambition can be an emotion that can drive people to madness and this character flaw is seen in William Shakespeares run into Macbeth. Macbeth is about a Scottish Thane that decides to kill the King of Scotland to get the crown. This murder starts a chain of evil acts by Macbeth because he doesnt know how to travelling bag his ambition. By the end of the play the reader learns that ambition was really Macbeths downfall. In the renowned play Macbeth, Macbeths character flaw of ambition causes him to egotism destruct over anything else. At the very beginning of the play Macbeth is already starting to be overtaken by his yearning for power. Macbeths ambition starts to blind him when triplet witches tell him that he will be Thane of Cawdor and King. The reader can se e his desire for power begin to grow and blind him in this quote, This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor, (Act I.Scene III.134-137).This quote explains how Macbeth thinks how could killing the King be bad or good? If anything the witches say is bad then why am I Thane of Cawdor? If he wanted to do the make up thing he wouldnt yet think about killing King Duncan. Ambition is already starting to show as his flaw. Later into the act, Macbeths lust for power comes into full swing when he decides that he will kill Duncan. This lust blinds him to what he really should do. The audience can see this greed in this quote, If it wer... ...eactions of ambition such as lying, cheating, and stealing to get ahead. Everyone has flaws but very few peoples flaws end in their destruction. This ,however, is not the case in Macbeth. The main character, Macbeth, uses his flaw of ambition and ends up acquiring killed for it. His ambition starts out small such as just thinking of the idea of killing Duncan but then turns into to actually killing him. After that, he kills his friends,innocent women and children, and he brings pain and suffering unto his country. However, in the end he is finally able to see that he has been blinded and he hasnt taken the right path. Like when Eleanor Roosevelt once said, Ambition is pitiless. Any merit that it cannot use it finds despicable. Ambition doesnt pity anyone and it devours every good aspect of people. Macbeth is a famous grammatical case of what ambition can do to a person.

Abstract Expressionism Essay -- Visual Art Paintings Artists

Abstract ExpressionismNew needs need new techniques. And the modern artists welcome found newways and new means of making their statements ... the modern paintercannot express this age, the airplane, the atom bomb, the radio, inthe old forms of the Renaissance or of some(prenominal) opposite past culture.Jackson PollockRarely has such a massive transfer of influence has ever touched theworld as did in the Paris to New York shift of the 1940s and 1950s.All of the characters of the Statesn art were to be expelled in a rapidshift of power. No longer would American artists be the lamb sucklingat the teat of European sources, American art was to dispose ofnarrow-mindedness, an uninterested public, and liberate itself into avalued and meaningful force affect to, and in fact exceeding that of,art produced anywhere within the era. The painting and sculpture thatemerged from the New York School in the mid 1940s was the foremostartistic movement of its time. It was labelled as the Abstrac tExpressionist movement. This is a turning point in American arthistory for the reason that it caused the rest of the art world to espy New York as the new center of innovation.The outbreak of World War Two had devastated the world massively,crushing world economies, social structure and optimistic manifestosleft, mightily and centre. The war had long ruled out any naveenthusiasm for art or artist, art no longer had the courage to be avehicle for ideology of any mannikin. European art took a more realiststance post-war and the Paris scene delved into accuracy andsubjective art. The demand for art increase as financial affluencereturned to the world, particularly America which (having entered thewar later than most Allies) had not been so damaged economically andsocially by the war. America had not suffered extensive bombing likeEurope and was prepared to invest in art Modern art became a modernand popular affair (Mid-Century Paintings in the regular army by)Technological advances like progress in printing and reproductionmethods brought art to a larger amount of the public, no longer wasart a delirium or declaration of wealth owned only by the elite. Governmentgrants, banks churches and communities began to reward artists forworks in exhibition and fund displays this insured that a slopped flowof art and artists were drawn from shell-sh... ...m. In Minimalism objects are cut down to their fundamental,geometric form, and presented in an impersonal manner. This movementis a direct descendant of Abstract Expressionism, and colour-fieldpainters in particular. Large scale washes of colour in sections andthe overall emotion evoked being far more important than any kind ofsubject matter. A number of famous developments were led by artistsassociated with Abstract Expressionists and New York school artists.As the influence of abstract expressionism decreased in the 1960s,artists came to enquiry the very philosophy underlying modernism. Asthe force and vigour of abstract expressionism diminished, newartistic movements and styles arose during the 1960s and 70s tochallenge and displace modernism in painting, sculpture, and othermedia. This is how Pop art reared its head. Dada-like styles employedin the early 1960s and thereafter by Robert Rauschenberg and JasperJohns had widespread influence, as did the styles of many otherartists. Abstract Expressionism, far from exanimate however, is still verymuch alive and living. It lives in modern pieces and artists acrossthe globe its influence knows no bounds.

Women on The Street Essay -- essays research papers

Women on the Street     Have you ever rushed down the street and felt that nagging mite ofguilt, as you breeze by someone lying in a doorway? Is she alive? Is she ill?Why do we all rush by without finding out is shes all right?     People sit in train stations, bus stations, parks, doorways,unmistakably sick, with what, we dont know. All be seemingly alone. or so beg. whatsoever dont. Some have open sores that ooze and bleed. Some are drunk. Sometalk to themselves or formless others. They have no homes.     Street people ca-ca up a small percentage of the homeless population.Most homeless people blend into the daily flow of urban behavior. more families arehomeless. Many babies go from the hospital into the shelter system, neverknowing what it is like to go home. Women are another subgroup of the homeless.     Solutions to homelessness are not easily found. But before we open fire solveproblems, w e must be sensitive enough that we create the will to find thesolutions. Often if we do not feel the problem, if some emotional solvent isnot made, we are not moved to seek solutions. We are often unmoved to evenrecognize the questions. We cannot afford to keep walking by.     "Work is a fundamental condition of human existence," said Karl Marx. Inpunch-the-clock and briefcase societies no less than in agricultural or huntingand gathering societies, it is the organization of work that makes life incommunities possible. Individual life as well as social life is closely tied towork. In wage labored societies, and perhaps in every other as well, much of anindividuals identity is tied to their job. For most people jobs are aprincipal source of both independence and correctness to others. It should comeas no surprise that, in the work force or out, work and jobs are important inthe lives of homeless women.     There are women who want to w ork and do, and women who want to work anddo not. There are women who cannot work and others who should not work andstill others who do not want to work. Some work regularly, some intermittentlysome work part-time, some full-time and there are even those who work two jobs.At any given up moment, there is a lot of job-searching, job losing, job changing,and ... ...escould have contained the explosive forces of racial animosity, social classdifferences, competition for resources, overcrowding, individuals who were notalways in witness of their actions, and individuals who wanted to disassociatethemselves from the group. but came against these forces, and born mainly outof shared homelessness and common needs, was a powerful nervous impulse to groupcohesion and solidarity. Most of the time, the impulse to solidarity was strongenough to hold the negative forces in check, there by providing the minimum ofpeace and good order that made social life possible. On many evenings, as thewom en came together in the shelter, there was sufficient good feeling and fellowfeelings, when coupled with their common needs and circumstances, to allow a feel of community to sputter into life. For most women, the loneliness oftheir homeless state was a terrible burden to bear this fragile bit ofcommunity, however small, was precious indeed.     "Homelessness is the impart total of our dreams, policies, intentions,errors, omissions, cruelties, kindness, all of it recorded, in the flesh, in thelife of the streets." (Marin 41).

George C. Marshall :: essays research papers

&9George C. Marshall was born on declination 31, 1880, in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1901 and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant. During World War I he was stationed in France and won acclaim for his direction of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. Before the offensive, Marshall was responsible for the withdrawal of 200,000 men, and replacing them with 600,000 American soldiers, making sure that there were hospitals to treat the sick and wounded, moving much than 3,000 cannons and 40,000 tons of ammunition, all the while hiding these movements from the Germans by moving only at night.&9After World War I he was a high-level aide to General John J. Pershing. Prior to the outbreak of World War II he progressed steadily from assistant chief-of-staff of the U.S. Army (July, 1938) to lieutenant chief of staff (October, 1938), to chief of staff the following year. In 1944, Marshall was promoted to General of the Army. He spent a y ear in China in 1945-46 as President Trumans representative, attempting to bring about a peaceful resolution to the conflict between the nationalists and the communists.&9As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, he developed an economic program, the Marshall Plan, to help bring relief to war torn nations in europium. The plan stipulated that the United States war prepared to assist atomic number 63 on certain terms. The European countries were to (1) Confer and Determine their needs on a continental basis (2) show what resources they could put into a common puddle for economic rebuilding (3) stabilize their currencies and (4) try to remove trade barriers so that goods could flow freely throughout the continent. With the assistance of the Marshall Plan, westerly Europe began to happen from the ravages of war. Marshalls effort to include the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in this grand design was rejected by Moscow. As Western Europe rebuilt, Europe was divided both economical ly and ideologically, and conflicting politics soon laid the ground for "The Cold War". When it became evident that the gap between Eastern and Western Europe would not be bridged, and that the Western European states feared for their safety, Marshall was one of the leaders who created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which has ensured the security of the West. The establishment of NATO in 1949 achieved a balance of power in Europe that endured until the end of the Cold War.

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay -- OBrient Things They Ca

Tim OBriens The Things They CarriedCulture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous feelings and remain firm, following expected duties. OBrien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, The Things They Carried. Through the protagonist Jimmy mark, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, OBrien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of breezy idealism and dwell instead on the cruel pragmatism of the world. Initially, OBrien highlights Crosss thoughts of love and emotional feelings as he describes the experience of war. Cross constantly thinks about Martha and how much he loves her, and though he senses her uninvolvement, he remains in denial about the fact that Martha feels nothing for him. However, he grasps on to her as his only hope. She represents his connections to a normal life, the world where he can be an average twenty-two year old, not plagued by death and devastation. OBrien ex poses Crosses desires to be pure and unscathed in his hopes that Martha is a virgin. Cross wishes to be untouched by war, destruction, bombs, fear, and the devastation of war, just like Martha. OBrien illustrates how overcome with emotion Cross is as he daydreams about her dense, crushing love. In addition to love, OBrien describes the tremendous mental burdens the men carry, but are not allowed to express. OBrien utilizes the metaphor of weight to emphasize the burdens on the boys. The narrator speaks of everything in weight as in the jungle boots2.1 pounds, steel helmets that weighed five pounds, and the letters weighed ten ounces. This technique further stresses the mental envelopment of these boys in war because they a... ...aims theres definitely a moral here and continues to bring up the subject end-to-end the story. OBrien highlights through Mitchell that the soldiers are only boys and far too young to be exposed to such violence. With the dispensing of love and idealism, the reality of war settles into Crosss mind, forever changing his view the world. In his short story, The Things They Carried, Tim OBrien demonstrates the depressing change of a soldier from imaginative boy to impersonal man, adolescent to adult, and caramel to leader. The terrible burdens pile so high on the young men that certainly they would never be at a loss for things to carry. The harsh reality of the world tremendously affects Cross and forever changes him. Through this transition, OBrien reveals the strict and dismal standards which culture upholds for men to be firm and unwavering.

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay -- OBrient Things They Ca

Tim OBriens The Things They CarriedCulture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. OBrien develops this theme of the transition from youth to humankind in his short story, The Things They Carried. Through the protagonist Jimmy incubate, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, OBrien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of the world. Initially, OBrien highlights Crosss thoughts of love and emotional feelings as he describes the encounter of war. Cross constantly thinks about Martha and how much he loves her, and though he senses her uninvolvement, he remains in denial about the fact that Martha feels nonhing for him. However, he grasps on to her as his only hope. She represents his connections to a normal life, the world where he can be an average twenty-two year old, not plagued by ending and devastation. OBrien exposes Crosses desires to be pure and unscathed in his hopes that Martha is a virgin. Cross wishes to be untouched by war, destruction, bombs, fear, and the devastation of war, just like Martha. OBrien illustrates how belabor with emotion Cross is as he daydreams about her dense, crushing love. In addition to love, OBrien describes the tremendous mental burdens the men carry, but are not allowed to express. OBrien utilizes the metaphor of weight to emphasize the burdens on the boys. The narrator speaks of everything in weight as in the jungle boots2.1 pounds, steel helmets that weighed five pounds, and the letters weighed tenner ounces. This technique further stresses the mental envelopment of these boys in war because they a... ...aims theres definitely a moral here and continues to bring up the dependant throughout the story. OBrien highlights through Mitchell that the soldiers are only boys and far too young to be exposed to such violence. With the dispensing of love and idealism, the reality of war settles into Crosss mind, forever changing his view the world. In his short story, The Things They Carried, Tim OBrien demonstrates the depressing change of a soldier from imaginative boy to impersonal man, childlike to adult, and lover to leader. The terrible burdens pile so high on the young men that certainly they would never be at a loss for things to carry. The rough-cut reality of the world tremendously affects Cross and forever changes him. Through this transition, OBrien reveals the strict and dismal standards which culture upholds for men to be firm and unwavering.

A Sorrowful Woman

Gail Godwin beckons a char to know herself as a woman and not as chaste in a relation to other in her much thought provoking story, A lamenting Woman.Michael Meyer said that, Goodwin selects several key events that e place over a period of year to show us the slow decline of the Woman in her role as wife and mother.(geocities.com, online).Marriage calls upon woman to obey and serve as a traditional good wife and mother but at the cost of her individuality, which made our protagonist to take intent on a very pessimist note. We find woman in a miserable Woman as totally tired of her relationship as a mother, a wife and of her life. Godwin says, The sight of them made her so sad and sick she did not want to ever see them again (Gail, 35).This story was initially titles Sorrowful Mother, as whose obsession of motherhood was putting interrogative sentence on her individuality. But it is not a story of only mother but the question of independent identity and individuality of all wom en. This dilemma brought them onto the verge of depression and ultimately their downfall. Therefore it is not the Sorrowful mother but A Sorrowful Woman.WORKS CITED Godwin, Gail. A Sorrowful Woman in Dream Children. Ballantine Books, 1996. Micheal Meyer, A Plot, Sorrowful Woman, Online, 22th May 2008 Available at http//www.geocities.com/davidjohntoth/102/plot.html

Project Report on Bamboo

Chapter-1 PREFACE A egression oriented Entrepreneur lead always be in search of opport unit of measurementies, which female genitalia generate income, enhance semipermanent value and command recognition and respect in the society. Looking at the present upbeat air travel in the NE Region for schooling of in cleanry, driving by presidential term of India for the development of environs friendly alternate resources and last scarcely not the least, the spectacular progress make by China in the bamboo based in dispersery The KOTHARI group has decided to put up a unit in Guwahati to manufacture Bamboo ball over, Board & think products.During the exploratory phase, we reviewed musical themes & journals published by forest department / NGOs on Bamboo resource in NE Region, visited & discussed with the Bamboo kick upstairsers, met with shapery manufacturers in India & abroad, attended seminars, studied foodstuff for ball over and its development potential, consulted technoc rats from India and abroad ab unwrap the accident of making trading floor in India using India Bamboo. We legitimate encouraging response and could tipl the potential. Now we ar determined to put up project and this report provides details on various aspects of the said(prenominal).Chapter-II PROJECT AT A GLANCE PRODUCT Bamboo ball over & Bamboo Panel Boards. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Bamboo flooring/ gameboard is the newest and nearly revolutionary products in the flooring and indoor palm tree concept. The unique Bamboo grain provides an exotic oriental beauty to the interior of any room, and the high forest of Bamboo comp atomic number 18d to woods guarantees a lifetime of enjoyment. Bamboo Flooring and Bamboo Board is as hearty as the roughly environment friendly wind worldly available.Although Bamboo looks and be sees like a superior hardwood, it is actual a grass. Unlike wood forests, which labour decades to regenerate, the Bamboo groves raise take a hardly a(p renominal) age to renew themselves. As consumer (especi all(prenominal)y in developed foodstuffs much(prenominal) as northwards America, Europe and Japan) become increasingly environment conscious, this has become a strong marketing aspect of Bamboo products. Bamboos inbred versatility is sui defer to a variety of environments. The sunk product is all-around coated and protected against insects and fungus.It is suitable for all residential and commercialized installations- in bedrooms, living room, kitchens, offices, schools and hospitals. PRODUCT FEATURES Bamboo Flooring & Boards ar made from ascorbic acetous% renewable resource, which saves precious timbers. Apart from this, it has so many salient features- Incredible tensile skill.Light weight . Excellent appearance. Harder and more than stable than wood. lax to install. Creates friendly atmosphere for Asthma & Allergy patients. Excellent insulator of heat/cold. Environment friendliness Water- distasteful. Numer ous uses. MARKET POTENTIAL The requisite for Bamboo Flooring & Bamboo Panels argon expending from S outh- eastern united States Asian Countries to European and Ameri nookie markets.The international market for bamboo flooring is estimated at Rs. 750 cores and it is expending at a rate of 50% p. a. Current trends in the interior medal industry are back to nature i. e. away from synthetics and towards more natural products much(prenominal) as wood / bamboo. collect to health reasons, wood/ bamboo floors are taking away the market share from carpets (bamboo floors are hypo-allergenic and as a consequence, do not suffer from dust mite infection like separate floor coverings. In sum, wood sources are becoming increasingly depleted and the consumer is becoming environmentally conscious, the market for bamboo products has increased exponentially- for flooring, paneling, and a variety of products limited only by the imagination such as doors, frames, table tops, gift items, photo frames and so on Market response to Bamboo flooring is more than encouraging peculiarly for its look, strength and high-class protective coating. With support from international agencies and skilful experts we are very optimistic near achieving tone standards.INDIAN SCENARIO With booming construction activities, scope for interior decoration activities has increased substantially. Of late, result in use of marble and granite is reducing as Interior decoration industry always looks for new products. There devour been imports of woody and laminated floors but prohibitive duties and resultant landed price is restricting growth of such alternative products. In the domestic market, the sizing of the organized flooring market has been estimated at Rs. 1500 crores for all type of flooring. As the supply creates its own demand nd if the Bamboo flooring so-and-so capture even 6-7 % of the market for flooring, it leave behind imagine a market of Rs. light speed Crores to being wit h and it is likely to grow at a rate of at least 15% per annum. Source INBAR Report Our initial market survey has given has us all the reasons to be excited about huge potential not only for flooring but similarly for groin panels where there is absolutely no new product since last decade. Moreover, a product made in India depart have crack acceptableness to larger cross section of price sensitive India consumers.PROPOSED CAPACITY Bamboo Flooring / Panel 60000 Mtr2 / p. a. LOCATION Export Promotion Industrial commonality, Guwahati. CAPACITY UTILISATION world-class Year 70% p. a. 2nd Year 80% p. a. 3rd family & onwards 90% p. a. COST OF PROJECT (Estimated) (Rs. n Lakhs) (a) Land & culture 19. 68 (b) Building 51. 76 (c) Plant & Machinery 245. 52 (d) Misc. Fixed Assets 57. 10 (e) Preliminary Expense 0. 0 (f) Preoperative Expenses 49. 29 (g)Technical Know how & training 15. 91 (h) circumference for Working Capital 26. 07 (i) Contingencies 24. 81 MEANS OF FINANCE Contrib ution by the Promoters Equity by promoters 97. 3 Grant from NEC 50. 00 Contribution by the musical accompaniment Agencies (i) Technology Development Assistance from TIFAC 245. 00 (ii) Term Loan by Institution 98. 31 490. 44 Guarantee Apart from above, Guarantee in favour of Government of India to the tune of Rs. 0 Lacs for import of machines chthonic EPCG Scheme at concessional Customs profession. Subsidies and new(prenominal) incentives of capital nature have not been considered while deciding gist of finance. The same skunk be straightaway reimbursed of loan. PROFITABILITY The profitability projections are as follows III year / normal year of doing (Rs. in Lakhs) Sales Proceeds 494. 0 Cost of Sales 338. 18 Gross Profit Before fiscal expenses 155. 92 Financial Expenses 34. 59 Depreciation 28. 53 Operating Profit 92. 0 Profit After Tax 91. 18 Note Incentives such as glamour subsidy etc. have not been considered in the make up of production. The same can be directly reimbursed (as and when due) to the lending institutions as per-payment of loans. This will improve functional of the company substantially. Chapter III foundation Flooring plays a vital contribution in the measure appearance of any house /shop / building, whereas, very undersized emphasis was given in improvement and innovation of flooring sensible in India.Since last few years the awareness about the importance of flooring has increased amongst Indian consumers and now there is a visible call forth from conventional cemented or mosaic flooring to Granite, Marble, Italian Marble, and Glazed Ceramic Tiles etc. for many advantages over traditional flooring. Of late, due to ease in import, demand for wooden flooring and laminated flooring is similarly increasing. Since most of these products are imported hence high(prenominal) be and we are sure environmental awareness will always keep Bamboo flooring ahead of wooden flooring.There is huge market potential of Bamboo Flooring and Boards in India as well as abroad. As per the countrified Report India prepared by International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) on Bamboo Value-added industry, size of the domestic organized flooring market has been estimated at Rs. 1500 Crore for all types of amplitude flooring. Architects are of the opinion that since supply creates its own demand, it would be possible for Bamboo Flooring to capture 6-7 % of the market. This will result in a domestic market size of Rs. 100 Crore to begin with.Growth of the industry is estimated at 15% in the Indian market. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT AND USES World over Wooden Flooring is considered to be more up market compared to cement, marble, tiles etc. It enhances the warmth of any house and complements the decor of room. However with scarce timber resources and increasing environmental awareness people are shifting towards Bamboo Flooring, which is equally attractive and technically better than Wooden Flooring. The natural grai ns of Bamboo show up clearly and look very attractive. It looks very unique, elegant, and serene.The flooring is resistant to moisture, pressure, and scratch. It is flexible and lasts broader than wood. It excessively acts as sound and heat insulator. Bamboo flooring/board is the newest and most revolutionary product in the flooring and interior decoration industries. The unique Bamboo grain provides an exotic oriental beauty to the interior of any room, and the high quality of Bamboo compared to wood guarantees a lifetime of enjoyment. Bamboo Flooring and bamboo board is also the most environmental friendly construction material available.Although Bamboo looks and behaves like a superior hardwood, Bamboo is actual grass-unlike wood forest, which take decades to regenerate, the Bamboo groves only take a few years to renew themselves. As consumers (especially in developed markets such as North America, Europe and Japan) have become increasingly environmentally conscious, this has b ecome a strong marketing aspect of Bamboo. Bamboos natural versatility is suitable to a variety of environments. The entire product is all-around coated and protected against damp, insects, and fungus.It is suitable for all residential and commercial installations in bedrooms, living rooms, offices, showrooms, hotels, restaurants, bedspread halls, discotheques etc. Standard Bamboo flooring is manufactured as an all around mother tongue and groove board a variety of sizes can be letd, the most popular being 900 mm X 90mm X 15mm, 600mm X 90mm X 15mm. Among the many possible lamination, the most common are protected with 3- storeys of UV coating. COMPETING PRODUCTS Marble Granite Wooden Flooring Carpet PVC Flooring Ceramic Tiles Laminated Flooring ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO FLOORING ) Bamboo is harder than various species of wood. It is 25% harder than oak, 23% harder than Rock Maple. So it is more stable. Tensile strength of Bamboo is 28000 psi, which is even more than steel. ii) Bambo o floors are hypoallergenic and as a consequence, do not suffer from dust mite infection like other floor coverings. It creates friendly atmosphere for Asthma & Allergy patients. iii) It is an excellent insulator. So in cold climate it helps by keeping the room temperature warm, and in air-conditioned atmosphere, it helps in power saving by maintaining room temperature. v) Bamboo flooring is U. V. Coated, which is very hard, scratch resistant, moisture resistant. v) It is easy to maintain. It can be easily cleaned with vacuum cleaner. vi) It has got excellent appearance. vii) It is lightweight and easy to install. viii) Bamboo flooring are impregnated with chemicals which makes it termite proof. ix) It is made from 100% renewable resource, which saves precious timber. So it is environment friendly too. THE LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES The proposed unit is to be set up in the Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Amingaon ,Guwahati.We have considered different factors while selecting the site and assemble that there are various advantages of putting up the unit in Guwahati. Some of them are as under- a) Availability of raw as material Due to high volume and low weight, any Bamboo related production has to be near the source. Major raw material, Bamboo is abundantly available in and around Guwahati. Bamboo can be procured from farmers in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Agartalla and North Bengal. b) Availability of Skilled Manpower The local anaesthetic people of Assam have gained natural skill of Bamboo craft.They understand bamboo vary well. For these reasons, it will be much easier to train a local person. c) Availability of Land This unit requires a converted shed of 8000 sq. ft. and additional space for storage utility and for time to come expansion. AIDC has confirmed availability of infallible land at EPIP, Amingaon. d) Availability of Utilities Power Uninterrupted power supply is available to all the units set up in EPIP. This will be an advantageous situation . Water Water is also easily available. SteamSteam will be undeniable for manufacturing of Bamboo Flooring, which is planned to be produced by putting up a coal-fired boiler. Good quality coal is available from Meghalaya at a very economical price. e) Availability of Transport EPIP, Amingaon is located adjacent to Guwahati dry port. All the dispatches to overseas market can be booked from there itself. Moreover, Guwahati is well connected by rain and road links with other part of the country hence removeation of finished product & raw material will have no difficulty at all. f) Subsidies & IncentivesGovernment of India & Governments of Assam is braggart(a) various incentives and concessions for the new unit put up in Assam such as Sales Tax exemption. Excise exemption, Income tax exemption, and various other subsidies. g) base facility Guwahati, the proposed location of the unit, is the capital city of Assam which has got all the unavoidable amenities such as schools, hotels, hospitals, colleges and other entertainment facilities. Chapter IV unexampled MATERIAL BAMBOO AN INTRODUCTION As the name suggest, the Bamboo Flooring are manufactured using Bamboo. Bamboo is an immensely useful and highly renewable natural resource.It has been utilize by people most notable in Asia since time immemorial, and its remarkable versatility as raw material is at examineed to in our day by a list of products which is as long as that of the 1,573 known bamboo species. From food, folder, fencing and fuel to flooring and furniture to flutes, fishing rods and even false teeth, bamboo products are utilise by an estimated 2. 5 billion people, or almost half of the worlds population. Although we in India are using Bamboo in various application but not much has been done for technical improvement of the manufacturing process of various products made by Bamboo.Comparatively a lot of research has been done in China to make better products. Value addition to Bamboo has been ne gligible in India. Bamboo, the worlds most useful plant, is a very large grass rather than a tree, barely has a timber-like quality when used as a construction material. It is the fastest outgrowth plant in the world and certain species can reach heights of over 100 feet at rates of up to 5 centimeters per hour. It is harvested for commercial usage after three to five years.This botanical cousin to rich and corn has over 1,000 species of variable sized and characteristics makes it amazingly versatile it may be used for building whole houses, furniture, cases, baskets, screens, farm tools, fishing rods, windmill blades, ride building, record indispensablenessles, radical, kites, blowguns, polish, diesel fuel, scales, food, medicine, chopsticks, exasperate sticks, musical instruments, blinds, concrete reinforcement, plastic reinforcement, staging, cables, both substitutes, piping, bike frames, various other structures and a host of other abiding, useful, crafted items. Bambo o is also used for brewing beer.An Edison light myelin in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D. C. has a bamboo filament, which is still capable of burning after more than a century. The bamboo cable-supported Min Bridge in Szechwan is over 1,000 years old. BAMBOO AND ITS USES China In a remarkably short span of time, the bamboo area in China has transformed technologically and structurally. The last decade has seen China step up as a pioneer in bamboo utilization and a market leader offering a variety of new products and processing techniques. The latest development in China has been the usage of bamboo as a operable re bunkment for wood.Bamboo mat boards have been acknowledged as an excellent substitute for plywood. Rapid growth of the bamboo plywood industry has instilled a new vibrancy in the sector. Bamboo has also been used to substitute plastics, steel and cement in new application in construction of houses, and manufacturing of furniture and agricultural tools and implements with application of sophisticated design, knowledge and use of improved composite technologies. Bamboo has an important industrial role in paper & mush manufacturing in China. With a large and expending market, China is the world leader in bamboo shoot production and drug addiction.Growth of significant scale in China bamboo sector has been possible through coordinated research and its application, incentive regimes, provisioning of support services, changes in agro forestry practices, and the fostering of close linkages with markets. Other south-east Asian Countries In other Southeast countries, however, away from Thailand, which now boasts of bamboo shoot trade equivalent to that of China, there has been little or on progress. It is still only the agrestic poor who continue to be principal users of bamboo. In Bangladesh, 80-90 % of rural houses are constructed from bamboo, as are many rural dwellings in India.Philippines, Nepal and Thailand. South America In South America, bamboo utilization is atomic compared to Asia, draw off in localized areas. A large bamboo specie Guadua anaustifolia, has been used for a housing programme in Costa Rica through a big internationally funded bamboo project. All Central American countries have shown enliven in this project. South Africa Bamboo is valued in Kenya for soil stabilization. It is used to round extent in construction and fuel. India In India, the principal usage of bamboo is in the paper industry, as hold up in construction material or in the handicrafts sector.Among other uses, bamboo splits or wholes are used as a fencing material and for making various types of tool handles, ladders, and scaffolding. Splits as well as slivers types of tool handles, ladders, and scaffolding. Splits as well as slivers are used to make a coarse range of products such as baskets, the core of incense-sticks, kites and toys, flutes and a large number of handicraft items. They are used to make cages for poult ry, drying, packaging, and transport of grains. Bamboo slivers are woven into mats and used to manufacture mat boards. However there is very limited value addition that takes place on these products.Also, since there is no automation in the manufacturing process, the manually made products are often of non-standard sizes. The majority of these products are consumed and sold at the local market-level only. The mickle utilization of bamboo in industry is in the manufacture of paper & pulp. The 13. 47 billion tones of bamboo harvested annual gets utilized industrially in paper mills, as scaffolding in fencing, for internal consumption in bamboo-growing householders, handicrafts and miscellaneous items like incense-sticks, ladders, ice-cream sticks, agricultural implements etc.Again, no reliable estimates of quantities are available for any of these items. The estimate of consumption in each of the above categories is based on primary information and on an analysis of the industry siz e and growth rates. Paper The issue forth production of paper in India is 205 trillion tones. Paper industry experts have indicates that 25% of the raw material requirement of the industry is currently met through bamboo. Hence, the quantity of wet bamboo required for this is 2. 5 million tones (4 kg of wet bamboo is needed to produce 1 kg of paper. )Internal Consumption According to the survey among grower households in the NER, internal consumption for fencing, baskets, temporary structure, fishing rod etc. is 10% of the harvest. Of 13. 47 million tones, this translates to 1. 35 million tones approximately. Scaffolding The value of scaffolding is 0. 1% to 0. 5% of the total value of the construction industry. The total value of the construction industry in India comprising the residential, commercial, industry and infrastructure shares is currently estimated as Rs. 292,000 crore. Assuming 0. 25% value of bamboo scaffolding in the residential and commercial segments and 0. % in industrial and infrastructure construction, the total value of bamboo used for scaffolding is Rs. 340 crore (for 3. 4 million tones-price of one tone of bamboo is Rs. 1000) Handicrafts or so 5. 9 million tones of bamboo is utilized in commercial consumption in the paper industry and for scaffolding purpose. Taking a ratio of 3. 2 for commercial to internal consumption and making of handicraft, etc. the figure arrived at is 3. 9 million tones. Of this, 1. 35 million tones are used for internal consumption, leaving a balance of 2. 55 million tones, which is used for handicraft.These include baskets for decorative as well as packaging purpose (for carrying fruits, vegetables and livestock, etc. ), sericulture trays, mats, wall coverings, and furniture items such as stool, chairs, tables etc. Miscellaneous Bamboo is also used for incense-sticks, ice-cream sticks, toothpicks, chopsticks, agricultural props in field, implements and tools, ladders, lathis, walking-sticks, fishing rods, bo at masts, bows and arrows, flag poles, paddles, kites, fire crackers, etc. Agrabatti (Incense-stick) About 1,000,000 million incense-sticks are produced annually.Since 1000 sticks weight 1 Kg, the weight of 1,000,000, million sticks is 1 million tones. The weight of bamboo in 1 million tones of incense-sticks amounts to 0. 33 million tones. To produce 1 Kg of bamboo sticks, for incense-sticks, 2 Kg of bamboo is needed. Thus 0. 67 million tones of bamboo is consumed by the incense-sticks industry. Ladder The construction industry is currently valued at Rs. 292,000 crore, if 0. 02% is attributed to ladders used for construction the value of the ladder industry is in the reign of Rs. 58 crore which is equivalent to 0. 29 million tones of bamboo.As per Hindu custom, biers are used to carry the deathlike to the cremation ground. The death rate is currently 7. 8% which amounts to 7. 8 crore deaths per year. If bamboo biers are used in 5% of the cases, there would be a requirement of 400, 000 bamboo annually, which is equivalent to 0. 08 million tones of bamboo (assuming 20 Kg bamboo per bier). The total bamboo consumed in ladder production is 0. 37 million tones. Other Application Ice-cream sticks, chopsticks, toothpicks, agriculture props, implement and tool handles, walking sticks and lathis, boat masts and paddles as well as fishing rods, etc. onsume at least another 0. 93 million tones of bamboo annually. The total consumption of bamboo for miscellaneous purposes thus amounts to 1. 97 million tones. Illegal Exports Of the total harvested quantity of 13. 47 million tones, 11. 77 million tones are used as described in the foregoing. The balance 1. 7 million tones could be attributed to the illegal trade between the NER and neighboring countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar). BAMBOO STOCK POSITION 1995 TO 2001 Experts suggest that 150 million tones of bamboo was available in the year 1995.There are limits to the regeneration of bamboo since it can be regenerated only to the extent of the harvesting that takes place. The growing stock of bamboo is 150 million tones, of which 2. 35 million tones harvested from private forest can be assumed to depleted every year from forest. The current net availability of bamboo is 133 million on as as-is basis. However, all of this is not in usable from. There are certain factors that have to be used to discount the quantity of available bamboo. CHARACTERISTIC OF BAMBOO CULMSThickness of the culms The culm of the bamboo is hollow in most cases and its wall thickness varies across species. Different species of bamboo have different wall thickness. A few species of bamboo, however, are solid. The general properties of the bamboo culm vary according to its anatomical, chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics Bamboo is particularly strong at the node where there is an inner disc called septum, which connects the outside walls, strengthening the stalk and separating it into compartments. Bamboo is wides t at ground level, but is quite consistent in diameter throughout its length.Anatomical structure of the culms The bamboo culm consists of two epidermal layers, the inner one is thicker and highly lignified while the outer one is covered by a cutinised layer with a wax coating. The outside portion of the culm wall is dense, keep backing about 5 percent silica. It has an exterior waterproof film on the softer interior portion as well. The cells in the culm are axially oriented in the inter-nodal locality and provide transverse interconnections in the nodal region. There are no radial cell elements and therefore, askant movements of nutrients or liquids is greatly hindered.The internodes of almost all bamboo species have a culm wall of varying thickness surrounding a large cavity called a lacuna. The engrossment of bamboo varies from 500 to 800 Kg/m3, depending on the moisture content. It increases progressively from the central to the peripheral parts of the culms. Chemical chara cteristics of the culms The culm are consists of about 50% parenchyma, 40% fibar and 10% conducting tissues with some variation depending upon species. The major chemical chemical elements of a bamboo culm are cellulose hemi cellulose and lignin while minor constituents are resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts.The chemical composition various with species, condition of growth, age, season, and part of the culm. The nodes contain less water-soluble extractives, pentosans and lignin but more cellulose than internodes. The silica content is high in the epidermis, very little in the nodes and none in the internodes. The nodal portion of a clum has tower hemi hemi cellulose content, but a higher content of extractives, pentosans, lignin and ash than the inter nodal portion. As a result the node is not elastic enough for separate or for making strips and matting.Bamboo culms for weaving are therefore chosen from species that are easy to split and are not old enough to be unanneale d (preferably below two years). Physical characteristics of the culm One aspect of the structure of bamboo is noteworthy unlink wood it does it does not have any rays (the dark spots on the surface). Rays transport and store food, mostly sugar, but they weaken the material. Consequently, bamboo is stronger than wood, especially in shear. The wall thickness and length of the bamboo makes it naturally durable. The basal portion is therefore more durable than the top.Bamboo possesses very high moisture content, which various with age and the season of felling. The moisture content also various from bottom to top and from the innermost layers to the periphery, and decreases with age. The shrinkage is related to wall thickness and culm diameter. Mechanical characteristics of culms Bamboo is known for its high tensile strength. To reach its optimum strength there is an age of maturity for each species. In air-dry bamboos depending on the species, the moisture content various from 7 to 18% , specific gravity from 0. 428 to 0. 17, fiber stress at elastic limit from 16 to cxx N/mm2 modules of rapture from 33 to 160 N/mm2, modules of elasticity from 3 to 22kN/mm2 and compression strength parallel to grain from 26-78N/mm2. The Physiological Structure of Bamboo The vegetative parts of a bamboo plant consist of roots, rhizome, culm, culm-sheaths, branches, and leaves. Roots The profuse, fibrous roots from a dense network in the soil. Rhizome The basal portion of the culm, which grows horizontally under the soil surface with short internodes, is called the rhizome. In its natural habitat, the bamboo plant grows from seeds or rhizomes.Unlink trees bamboo does not have a central trunk the rhizomes provides the foundation. The extensive rhizome schema stores the nutrients required for the plants rapid growth. The rhizome branches out from the root facilitate the vegetative propagation. This reproductive characteristic makes bamboo an active spreading plant which unless moder ate will extend growth over a large area. There are two types of rhizome system namely Sympodial and Monopodial. In the sympodial system, the solar apex of the rhizome gives rise to a shoot that grows into a culm, the woody stem of bamboo. These culms grow together as clump.In the monopodial system, the lateral bud from each internode develops into a clum or a rhizome. As the apex of the rhizome grows horizontal to the ground at a distance from one another. Culm A shoot of bamboo is usually hollow except at the nodes, which are often swollen. A young shoot is protected by a number of sheaths, which fall off as the shoot grows into a mature culm. In the hollow inner area, there are some horizontal partitions called blocks. On the outside these partitions have a ring around the culm. The diaphragm and the ring outside together from a node. Branches grow from these nodes.The part between two nodes is called an inter-node. The internodes of most bamboos are hollow, that is, they have a cavity. The wall of the culm is simply the clum wall. Chapter V MARKET POTENTIAL The Bamboo Flooring is becoming popular because of its better look and superior quality over other flooring materials. THE INDIAN SCENARIO The materials commonly used for flooring in India are Granite, Marble, Mosaic, Cemented floor etc. Since last few years, wooden flooring has also becoming popular in India. These different types of flooring are available in wide range of prices starting from Rs. 0 per sq. ft to Rs. 700 per sq. ft. The use of wooden is increasing particularly for application in offices & showrooms, banquet halls, discotheques, hotels, restaurants, conference rooms etc. There is a myth among the consumers that it is not suitable for Indian climate whereas wooden flooring is considered to be very handy and it also helps in power saving particularly in the air-conditioned atmosphere. The consumers are required to be educated about the advantages of these flooring. Bamboo flooring has not yet been introduced in the Indian market.But considering its advantages over Wooden as well as bring shift from some of premium flooring presently available in the market. Bamboo flooring which is less expensive than other premium flooring is scratch & moisture resistant because of high quality U V finale, there should be good demand for the product in India. As per the Country Report India published by International Network for Bamboo And Rattan (INBAR) on Bamboo Value-added Industry, the total market for Bamboo flooring in India has been estimated at Rs. 200 Crores which is likely to grow at a rate of at least 15% per year.THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO There is an export potential, which can be realized for bamboo-based flooring. There is Rs. 750 Crores market for Bamboo flooring which is growing at a rate of 50% per annum. Indian companies can trap this growing demand. China is a major player in the filed of Bamboo flooring. They have been constantly researching on the manufact uring technique of Bamboo flooring & related products and hence they have an edge. However, for India companies, it will not be a problem to compete technically with China considering developed wood working industry in India.Moreover the species of Bamboo available in India are also considered better for manufacturing of Bamboo flooring because these are harder than the species available in China. Chapter VI TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL KNOWHOW Although not much been done in India respect to technicalities of Bamboo Flooring manufacturing. We feel Indian machinery manufacturers will have no difficulties in providing most of the machines by modifying there existing machines as per process requirement. Moreover, well-developed wood working machinery industry in India will be an additional advantages.All the basic machines required for this project are either readily available in India or needs little modification to make them suitable for this specific application only very few fin ishing machines are proposed to be imported from Taiwan/Europe. In 2001, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) established Cane & Bamboo Technology Center (CBTC) in Guwahati which helps in implementation of Bamboo & Cane related project, delivers technical assistance and found for training of man power required for this project.The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assisted Cane and Bamboo Technical Up gradation and Networking Project, covering the seven-spot North eastwardern States of India. The Cane and Bamboo Technology Project is a sub-programme of the large Technology Management Programme (TMP). The Development of Science and Technology, Government of India is the Executing business office for the TMP. While the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is the assigned Implementation Agency. The CBTC acts as the secretariat and coordination body of the Network and is the conduit for the networks linkages.OBJECTIVES The Cane a nd Bamboo proficient Up technologies and Networking Projects envisages the following as its major areas of interest Identification, adaptation and dissemination of technologies for economic enhancement of craftspeople small entrepreneurs in the Cane and Bamboo Sector of North East India. Strengthening existing institutions by enhancing their networking capacities and linking them with specialized institution in India and abroad through the Cane and Bamboo Technology Center (CBTC).Enhancing doorway of craftspeople and small entrepreneurs to improved technology and knowledge thereby promoting employment opportunities and income generation ROLE OF THE CBTS The CBTS is expected to play multiple roles, which embed Acting as a repository of information and technologies performing out the role of a coordinator of sub-programme activities Being a vehicle for the sharing of information amongst resource and support institution, entrepreneurs, craftsmen and villagers. Acting as a platform for networking amongst constituent elements of the sectorPerforming as a catalyst to enhance the scale and depth of economic activity in the sector FOCUS AREAS Generally speaking, the primary and secondary areas of counsel are firstly, on promoting poverty eradication and sustainable livelihoods, and secondly on generation of sustainable livelihood and employment opportunities. The main focus areas are The need to evolve and promote a better understanding of the sector Set agenda for coordinated R & D activities, strengthen institutions and agencies and create coordination mechanisms for the sectorReview the regulatory and access regime-in forest areas, for agro-forestry and at the household/homestead level Disseminate technologies and knowledge Provides support services for the sector MANUFACTURING PROCESS The process for manufacturing of Bamboo Flooring can be split into three parts 1. Making of Bamboo Strips a) Straight, 4-5 years matured Bamboo is cross cut into the required l ength. b) Out-side knots are removed. c) Bamboo is put through a splitting machine to split the strips of required width. d) Inside knots and outside skin is removed. ) Strips are boiled and treated in a mixture of water, hydrogen peroxide and boric acid to remove sugar, starch, mildew, and pests. f) Strips are put in Impregnation plant where chemicals are injected under high pressure to protect the same from insect/pest round coldcock for lifelong. g) After open drying, the strips the same are further dried in a Kiln to bring down the moisture level to 8-10%. h) For giving darker brownish ghostwriter to final products, strips can be given Carbon treatment by putting the same under high heat/pressure causing colouring impregnated throughout the sticks. ) Each strip is then passed through Four-side planning machine to get accurate rectangular shape. 2. Making of Bamboo Board After thorough sorting, i) Strips are cut into the required length in the sizing machine. i)Glue is applie d in the Gluing machine. i) Glued strips are assembled together into rough board. i) These rough boards are given required pressure in Hot Press (specially designed for this process). i) Boards are put into a Chilling Press for something till the temperature comes down to normal. i) One surface of duly pressed boards is finished on Planing machine. . Making of Bamboo Parquets a) The specific size of Bamboo boards is passed through a rip saw to make one side plain. b) The side tongue & groove is milled into the board. c) The board is passed through a cutting and shaping machine where the end tongue & groove is milled. d) The parquet is passed through a wide thrill sander for the top sanding. e) UV Basecoat is sprayed on the bottom and side of the parquets to make it moisture resistant and then again through a drum roll coater for top coating of UV Basecoat. f) Painted parquet is passed through U. V. Curing machine for hardening of the chemical (coat). ) It is again passed through a wide belt sander for smoother sanding. h) The above process (e, f & g) is repeated again for better finishing. i) U. V. finishing coat is applied on the Parquets through Roller Coating machine. j) Parquets are passed through U. V. Curing machine for hardening. k) Each and every parquet is thoroughly inspected and the same is packed in the corrugated boxes. Process flow has been shown in the next Sheet. EFFLUENT TREATMENT There will not be any Water/Air/Sound pollution. It has been proposed to install. Dust collectors for the collection of Dust generated in the process.The Bamboo dust can later be used for manufacturing of Particle Board. Similarly Dust collector & Chimney will be installed with the coal boiler. AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL The major raw material required for this project is Bamboo, which is abundantly available of bamboo in India, particularly in North East Region. India has the second largest have got of bamboo in the world out of which NE Region accounts for 54% In NE Region, apart from the Bamboo available in the forest, there is a tradition to grow bamboo in the homestead, garden, field barriers etc.AVAILABILITY OF MACHINERY Different machines required for the primary processing of bamboo are available in India. Other machine such as Strip size of it Machine, Gluing Machine, Bamboo Board Joining Machine. One Side Planer, Rip-Saw etc. are available in India particularly for wood working however, the same can easily be modified to make them suitable for this specific application. Some important finishing machines such as Five Side Grinding Machine, Double end bitter Machine, Wide Belt Sanders, U V Coating Machine etc. Are being proposed to be imported.Wherever possible, we have opted for the Indian machines so that after- gross sales services and spares can be made easily available as and when needed and it will also reduce the hail of the project and thereby reduces the financial burden. We are ensuring better machines without compromi sing the quality. Selection of the plant and machinery has been done considering different stages of manufacturing process and balancing the capacity. PROPOSED PLANT CAPACITY The manufacturing capacity of the proposed plant will be 60000 meter2 per annum. This is the minimum viable capacity. The same can be increased in shorter duration.It is unlikely for a new unit to achieve maximum capacity utilization in the initial years of operation owing to various factors like stability in process coordination, training of working, supply of required quality of raw material and consumables etc. therefore, all the calculation have been made of 70%, 80%, 90% capacity utilization in 1st, 2nd, & 3rd year onward respectively. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS The Bamboo flooring are available in different styles, colours, finished and sizes, which are as under- A) styles I Horizontal Bamboo strips are joined horizontally. II. VerticalBamboo strips are joined vertically. B) colors Coffee 7 Natural There can be different shades from normal to dark brown. C) Finish Matte & Glossy. Other finish such as semi-gloss, 6535 Matte & Gloss etc. can also be made as per the market demands. D) Sizes 900 mm X 90 mm X 15 mm. 600 mm X 90 mm X 15 mm 900 mm X 90 mm X 12 mm 600 mm X 90 mm X 12 mm These are the sizes commonly sold in the market but Parquets can be manufactured in different sizes and thickness. MAN POWER REQUIREMENT Total requirement of manpower can be broadly divided into two categories 1. Technical PersonnelThe technical personnel include engaged in production, maintenance, running of utilities and services facilities etc. These can further be categorised as a) Factory Staffs b) Workers Chapter VII stinting VIABILITY h) Land & development The plant is proposed be put up in Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Amingaon, guwahati, developed by AIDC. We have already approached AIDC for availability of land and they have assured us land as per our requirement on long-term let (60 years ). Various other expenses on site development such as land leveling, boundary wall, internal roads, etc. ave been considered while calculating the total cost of land and site development. The details of which are shown in the table below- h) Building A covered shed of 8000 sq, ft. will be required for smooth operation of the plant. Apart from this, a semi pucca shed will be required for preliminary Bamboo processing and space will be required for administration, storage, utilities etc. We have planned the layout for the building considering different areas of operation, safety regulation, provision for ventilation, free movements of men and material etc.The building construction cost has been estimated based on the offers received from local builders. The total cost of building is estimated at Rs. 51. 76 Lacs as explained in the Table below- c) Plant & Machinery The selection of Plant & Machinery has been done based on the offers received from various machinery suppliers, their tech nical competitiveness, price, after-sale service simplicity of operation, efficiency of the machine, guarantee etc. The total cost of Imported & Indigenous Plant & machinery are shown in the Tables on the next sheet. d) Miscellaneous Fixed AssetsApart from the main plant & machinery, various other equipment will be required such as Boiler, D. G. Set, Compressor, material treatment equipments, fire fighting equipments, furniture & fixtures, office equipments etc. We have worked out the requirements of such equipments, the details of which are as under e) Preliminary & pre-operative expenses This includes the expenses for company formation, interest during construction period, initial expenses on traveling, communication and other basic expenses during the pre-operation period. Total preliminary expenses are Rs. . 30 Lacs and preoperative expenses has been estimated at Rs. 49. 29 Lacs. f) Contingencies Provision has been made towards contingencies in the total cost of project. The det ails of which is as under g) Technical Know-how & Training The total cost for Technical Know-how, Training of technical personnel & consultants fee has been estimated at Rs. 15. 91 Lacs. The detailed calculation has been shown in the next table. h) Margin money for working capital The total requirement of working of capital is estimated at Rs. 6. 07 Lacs. The detailed calculation of requirement of Working capital has been shown in the next table. SOURSES OF FUNDS The total long-term fund requirement of the proposed unit is estimated to be Rs. 490. 44 Lacs, which is proposed to be financed as under Subsidies & other incentives of capital nature have not been considered while deciding means of finance. The same can be directly reimbursed to the finding institutions towards repayment of loan. We seek equity participation from institutions for reducing interest outgo at least for a period of 3-5 years.The same can be brought back by the promoters at mutually agreed terms. TOTAL COST OF MANUFACTURING It has been calculated by calculating cost of raw material, salary & wages, power & fuel, consumables, compensate & maintenance, factory overheads etc. These calculations are based on certain assumption during the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd years & onwards of operation has been assumed to be 70%, 80%, & 90% respectively of the installed capacity. The installed capacity of the proposed unit is estimated at 60000 meter2. the cost of various items has been calculated as per the prevailing rates in the market.Incentives such as transport subsidy, D. G. Set subsidy etc. have not been considered. The same can be directly reimbursed, as and when received, to the lending institutions as prepayment of loan. This will improve the working of the cost of manufacturing estimated for the next 10 years. RAW MATERIAL Bamboo is the main raw material for making Flooring. We have worked out requirement of Bamboo after considering wastage. Farmer have to be educated to harvest our required quality of Bamboo which may take some time.It is therefore estimated that in the 1st year of operation we shall have higher wastage. Such wastage will gradually reduce. We shall have incentive scheme to encourage farmers for regular flow of homogeneous quality of Bamboo. This will lead to lower wastage, reduced cost of production and smooth operation on the machine. We assume after 3rd year we shall get advantage of regulated supply of Bamboo clums. CONSUMEABLE AND STORES This includes Glue, U V coating material, various chemicals for pre processing of bamboo, packing material, stores & spares etc.Requirement of the same at 100% capacity utilization has been shown below POWER The total annual requirement of the proposed unit works out to 791900 KVA at installed capacity. Calculation of requirements of power and cost has been shown as under FULE The total annual requirement of Coal for running the boiler has been worked out at 1408 MT per annum at installed capacity. Calculation of requireme nts of Coal and cost has been shown as under SALARY & WAGES The requirements of Skilled, Semi skilled and unskilled labour has been orked out as per the production process and machine hours. The requirement of Technical & Supervisory personnel & their total Salary & Wages has been calculated in the Table on the next sheet. We have also estimated an annual increases of 5% in the Salary & Wages and have also provided for Fringe benefits 25% of Salary & Wages. REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE The reclaim and maintenance of the capital assets has been taken at 1%, 2%, & 3% of the total cost of fixed assets in the 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd year & onwards respectively.FACTORY OVERHEADS Overheads such as Rent and Taxes, Insurance, miscellaneous expenses have been considered on best judgment basis to make adequate provision in the total cost of production. These have been estimated at Rs. 13. 74 Lacs in the first year of operation. We have also made a provision of increase in this cost 10% per annum. ESTIMATE OF COST OF sales, AND PROFITABILITY The estimate of cost of sales, realization & profitability for the next 10 years of operation has been shown as under ADMINISTRSTIVE & SALES SALARYThe requirements of Administrative & Sales personnel & total Salary & Wages has been calculated as under We have also estimated an annual increase of 5% in the Salary & Wages and have also provided for Fringe benefits 25% of Salary & Wages. ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEADS Adequate provision has been made for administrative overheads and estimated at Rs. 12. 83 in the subsequent years. SELLING OVERHEADS Being a consumer product planned sales promotion and regular advertising will be essential apart from organizing sales meet and participation in fairs.Total sales expenses have been estimated at Rs. 33. 68 Lacs in the first year of operation. This includes 7% of sales realization of finished goods towards advertisement & publicity and balance towards miscellaneous sales expenses. A provision of an annual increase of expenses at 10% has been made in the subsequent years. performance SALES REALISATION Calculations of the sales realization are based on the prevailing selling price of the product in the international market. The details of sales realization at 100% capacity utilization are as under INTERESTInterest on term loans for capital investment and lodge borrowing for working capital has been worked out as under Working capital from Bank 15. 00% Term loan from Financial Institution 15. 00% Technology Development Assistance from TIFCA 4% The details of repayment of term loan and interest thereon have been shown in the next two tables. FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS Various financial projections calculated for the proposed unit which confirm the economic viability of the project, are . CASH FLOW STATEMENT The cash estimates for 10 years are given in the table below- 2. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS The details working on break-even point has been shown in the table below We have taken the figures of 3rd year of operation i. e. optimum year for the purpose of calculating break-even point. 3. UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION Total Works Cost of Sales, Contributing & Net Contribution of each square meter/ true feet has been shown in the table below 4. BALANCE SHEET Project Balance Sheet for next 10 years of operation is as under organize ANALYSISStrengths Vast Bamboo source for commercial exploitation at competitive price. Local people with skill to make Bamboo handicraft will be suitable for this project. equivalent set of machines can produce other related products such as ceiling boards, door panels, wooden flooring etc. Weakness There is no defined goal or policy for encouraging planned bamboo cultivation. Wastage will be higher in the initial phase. Farmers have to be educated for maintaining quality requirements. Opportunities The usage of wood is on an increases but wood resources are declining in India.Moreover the Supreme Court has banned felling of timber in Nor th East region resulting in closure of plywood units. Wood import can be reduced if Bamboo-based products. Threats Bamboo Flooring industry is well established in China. Their product is already acceptable in the international market. We will have to compete with them in future. There can be shortage of particular of Bamboo after flooring, which is likely to take place between 2003-2007. Poor infrastructure in the North East. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensitivity Analysis gives an indication of how sensitive the project is to changes in certain assumptions.This analysis has been carried out to see how the profitability would change if there is certain change in the factor concerned. This sensitivity shows the effect of increases and reductions in raw material price, capacity utilization, selling price, publicity expenses and the profitability shows the impact of that particular factor. PEST ANALYSIS The following analysis gives an overview of the environment in which the Bamboo flooring industry will have to operate. We have analyzed the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological environment for the industry.POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT I Finished Product Even if Bamboo flooring is imported at 0 duty from China, the landed cost is quite high compared to our proposed selling price. The local selling price in Nepal market is also quite high due to higher Bamboo procurement price to them. Hence we do not see any threat from imported Bamboo Flooring. We may however have to compete with the other Bamboo Flooring manufacturers in the country but that would also add to overall market growth and awareness of the product. II Import Duties on ConsumablesImport duty on consumables is also very high. The only consumable, which is required to be imported at the initial stage, is U V coating. Cost of U V Coating to the total cost of production is 3. 50% only (including duty), hence it will not significantly affect the profitability. III Other Levies Since this unit is being put up in Assam, products will be exempted from Sales tax & excise duty. Thus it will be at an advantageous position as compared to any other unit, which may come up in other parts of the country. IV Ban on falling of Trees Supreme Court of India banned felling of trees in NE Region.This will make wooden flooring a costly substitute. In the recent years, Government of India is giving all thrust for adding value and creating awareness about uses of Bamboo. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT I Disposable Income of the Population With the sustained growth in the GDP of approximately 5-6% in the last few years there has been a high rate of growth in the disposable income of the Indian households. The NCAER data reveals that the middle (annual household income between Rs. 62,000 and 86,000) and the high (annual household income higher than Rs. 6,000) income segments have growth at a compounded average growth rate of 13% and 17% respectively between 1989-90 and 1993-94. This increases demand for the lu xury products. II Availability of Easy Housing Finance Housing finance has picked up substantially in India as the rate of interest for housing loan has been reduced substantial. It has gone down to as low as 10%. Moreover there are other income tax advantages too for the investment made in housing. Hence the construction industry is bamboo. This will in turn boost demand for various products that obviously includes flooring material.As is evident from above Tables, India has about 157. 2 million households of which about 52 percent fall in the low income (upto Rs. 20. 000) category a further 20 percent mane purchasing power of about Rs. 9,000 p. a. constitute another 12% of total. Conclusions drawn from the NCAER data is of great significance from the point of view of the purchasing power of the consumer. When compared with the data from the previous estimates it appears that the speed middle and high-income segment of the population has been growing faster. Since a major chunk of demand for this sector is expected to get larger in the near future.Within the upper middle and high-income segment, the rural households are growing at a far more impressive rate than their urban counterparts. Roughly about 137 million people belong to upper middle and high-income categories i. e. income of Rs. 34,500 p. a. This is a fairly large size indicating that the marketing of niche products can be the promising area. II Lifestyle Changes With more and more workingwomen in the Indian families, there participation in decision making at home is increasing. Women are always expected to be connoisseur of rich test & beauty.Bamboo flooring being user friendly, easy to clean & maintain shall get attention of women and help shift from other flooring materials. The Indian families are on the lookout for alternate ways to do household chores. Also declining supply of household workers has led to demand for products, which required less maintenance. Bamboo flooring does not required mopping, cleaning etc. It can be easily cleaned with Vacuum Cleaner. This will have an impact on the mental makeup of women in particular & in the urbanized in general. III Health Consciousness Pollution is one of the main reasons for Asthma and Allergy.People with these diseases have started avoiding woolen / synthetic carpets because these diseases these carpets become the storehouse of dust mites, which aggravates their problem. Part of the market for carpet will definitely shift towards Bamboo flooring. TECHNOLOGICAL I Life Cycle Every product has lifecycle. With technological department mundane new products are introduced in the market, but customers prefer the product, which meets their requirement. Bamboo flooring, which looks better & makes one feel better will create its own niche market.Being a natural product, it is unlikely to loose its charm for long time to come. II New Development Manufacturing of Bamboo flooring is comparatively a new technology. There is likely to b e continuous research on the subject and regular improvement in all aspects of manufacturing. The areas, which require attention, are a) Saving on wastage b) Further mechanization c) bettor & economical coating material d) Alternative uses. This will result in better flooring at a reasonable price. So it will further gear up to meet any challenge from any new products.

Effects of Computer Games to young student Essay

IntroductionIt is known that we are living in the scientific era. Computers became an irreplaceable tool in everyday life of almost every person. The adult users gener completelyy use it for business purposes while youngsters for computer games. Computers are fragmentize of our life and are a very important component in many spheres of modern life. And nowadays mass of young people spend their succession either gaming or surfing the net. Computer games have become one of the favorite past time of young people from kids, teens and even adults. These clothings change form to an addiction that has a tremendous effect on young people. In an increasingly technology-dependent based society, people will continue to use computers not plainly for business but also for pleasure. Computers have become a social and economic necessity that permeates every part of our lives, it is feasible that in the future, every person in the world may own or use a computer. Therefore, necessary precaut ion must be taken in exploring all the uses of computers, and the nix consequences of using them on a daily basis.AcknowledgementWe would like to use this opportunity to acknowledge the people who table serviceed us to come across our research paper. First of all we would like to thank the students who had a big part in accomplishing our research paper. They all gave their insights about our topic and honestly answered all the questions we asked. We also give the thank to the Psychologists and Sociologists who gave us much information and enlightened us about our topic. We would also like to thank our friends who are always there to help us and win us to gift a successful research paper. I also thank my partner in this research who is always there to help me accomplish the tasks in our research paper, and lastly we would to thank our lord Jesus Christ for the strength and hope he gave us for the times we feel like we locoweedt finish our research paper.Background of the studyC ontroversies about computer gaming addiction being linked to violence have been rampant since the 80s. Studies show that most delinquents have hadsome time playing video games before doing a crime. Although little to no proof is exhibited till today, we hope to parcel of land our insights on this matter. This research provides an exemplary background concerning a specific addiction amongst teens which is gaming, be it Pc or console, this research paper tackles the psychological aspect of a gamers behavior from consistent influence with factors emanating from games ranging from violent to educational ones, for as computer games grow in popularity, the negative and positive effects of usage should be studied. literary argument of the ProblemThis study aims to answer the following.What psychological reason implies to game addiction.How violence is usually associated with certain gaming genres. How game developing should be continued or discontinued?If games do-nothing affect homo b ehavior dramatically that it can change the very being of a person. If simulation can replace human interactions in the future.Objective of the StudyThe general objective of this study is to understand the true nature of gaming. Specifically, this research aims to fulfill the followingTo understand why majority of the youth prefer isolation through gaming rather than socialization, To know why addiction is prominent in todays generation and To the eventual(prenominal) reason of addiction to gaming.Significance of studyThis section will provide brief description on the various significances of the study given the three categories Educational, technological and Psychological. To students. The proposed study serves the students as their extension phone or guide to todays temptation with present day technological marvels. It will also help students into pickings computer related courses to enlighten the next generation on the matter on computer addiction. To experts. The proposed stu dy will help Psychologists and Sociologists to have a deeper intellectual to the said matter. By this study they will come upwith easier and effective treatment varying from correction to prevention. To future researchers. The proposed study will benefit and help them as a guide. The study can also open in development in association to whatever obstacle lies in the future with reference to this subject.Scope and Limitation of the studyThis research paper focuses on the nature of how PC/Console games contribute to todays society, mostly students, for they are what make up the majority shape of gamers, and whether it be negative or positive, this research paper aims to give a better understanding of how this form of entertainment can give such a huge impact to todays society.CHAPTER IIMaterials & MethodsIn order to gather valuable data, the researchers conducted an oral interview with first mate gamers in a local computer shop (computer shop name disclosed). Oral interview was used since it is more applicable to the kind of problem being studied and because their eyes were glued to the screen at the moment of the questioning. The Oral interview was a five-item interview that deals with the students background and how gaming unnatural him/her academically.The questions asked are1. Who or How was computer gaming introduced to you?2. How often do you play?3. Does gaming affect your class standing?4. For you, is gaming good or good-for-nothing?5. What genre of game do you prefer?CHAPTER IIIResultsA total of 5 students were interviewed on the 4th of April 2014, somewhere between the times of 1300 to 1500. The survey only lasted for not more than two minutes and the volunteers were very cooperative. The gathered date revealed that the first 3 of 5 interviewees were doing exceptionally well in school despite spending some 8 hours of gaming on a daily basis, where theyfavored a MOBA genre particularly LOL. The three of them were childhood friends and played togeth er most of the time. Interviewee 4 is a scholar in a prestigious school (FEU-East Asia College). Despite admitting the she is a gaming addict her habit never hindered her studies and managed to maintain an excellent streak of grades since her admission in the year 2012. She started playing games when her now ex-boyfriend introduced the MOBA game LOL. Interviewee 5 is an average person, with average grades, above mountain pass stating that for him, gaming was just a past-time, spending some 6-8 total hours of gaming, at home and in a computer shop. He favored the game flying dragon Nest which is an MMO-RPG game. He started playing it because he found it curious and fun.CHAPTER IVConclusionWe came to the conclusion that gaming addiction was mostly related to the influence of the number of players that play the game. Curiosity then mostly by invitation is how a player starts with a game. Addiction, we believe, arises from peer pressure, or in worst cases, withdrawal from society col lectible to negative treatment from people.

Gender equality Essay

The fibre of man and woman in society is influenced by a variety of factors. These factors vary with the religion, culture, historical beliefs, bread and moreoverter principles and experiences. Therefore, gender role in society can be defined as the role portrayed by an individual with respect to a compounding of factors or any unriv every(prenominal)ed of them, depending on the living conditions.In the Filipino folklore, Tungkung Langit and Alunsina, Alunsina is a beautiful goddess and was courted by the god, Tungkung Langit for many years. When they got married, they established a home in heaven, a place where everything was perfectly according to the will of these two gods. Alunsinas hardworking husband wanted to bring locate to the confused universe. He was the one who arranged the heavenly bodies and maintained order and regularity in the world. One day, Tungkung Langit went for a long journey to organize time for the world. Alunsina could not help but send the breeze to denounce on Tungkung Langit. When the god knew of the spy, sent by his wife, he got mad at his wife and told her a lot of hateful things. For Tungkung Langit, Alunsinas act was very ungodly by getting jealous since there were no gods in the world except for them.Alunsina did not accept this painful objurgation from Tungkung Langit, so she said a lot of hurtful things to him. This led the god to drive his wife away. After this, the beautiful goddess was never seen again. We can say that Alunsina did an inconceiv qualified thing to the pride of Tungkung Langit by spying on his job. Alunsina was a very worrisome person who wanted to do something to stop her worry. She sent a spy so that she would feel relieved of his husbands situation. It is also possible that Alunsina was so in tell apart with Tungkung Langit that she did not want to be away from him. Since Tungkung Langit did wholly the work in maintaining order in the world, Alunsina did not have anything to do but be a wife to his husband. A wifes role is to wait for the husband to go home.This role was expected by all husbands who believe in the fragility of women. However, Alunsina was also a goddess. We can say that all gods have limited patience because of the big amount of power they have. Such power brings pride and confidence to do all things they want. Tungkung Langit found his purpose as a god which was to bring order to the confused world. On the other hand, Alunsinas role as a patient wife was not plentiful for this powerful goddess who can command the creations in the worldsuch as the breeze. Hence, she decided to leave Tungkung Langit. Aside from anger, frustration, there might be other reasons why Alunsina did not return to Tungkung Langit. A god has powers and to appreciate his or her existence, he or she must use it. This analogy is similar to humans talents and search for their purpose. The love of Tungkung Langit is not enough. Alinsuna may have decided to look for a way to love her di vine being as how Tungkung Langit expressed his self-love by maintaining order in the world. A lot of women at once are like Alunsina.We are not confident to look for contentment aside from being a low-pitched wife. Empowered women love themselves not because they meet the expectations of other but they believe in their feminine beauty and capability to be different. In the article, although many conventional gender roles have diminished over time, so far, men and women may not be equal when it comes down to certain tasks. In todays society, I believe that it is still hard being a woman rather than being a man. I believe this because, not only do women still have a hard time looking for jobs, and being equal in the workforce, but women are still judged because they are simply women. Although in todays society women and men are not that different in their roles in life, women can do about all of the jobs that men are able to do like Sarah Elago.She is the current president of the National Union of Students in the Philippines (NUSP), a strong and beautiful woman that values leadership and love for the youth and her fellow countrymen. Gone are the days are where when women only had to stay home and be the house protector. Women are slowly entering many handle that men are usually abundant in such as lawyers, doctors, mechanics, police, and also military. Whether these facts are acceptable or not in a grouchy society is an irrelevant question. The bottom line is gender roles in society are no longer a monopoly or an obligation for any individual. In order to sustain a better living, a persons free will should be the sole determinant of his or her role.